The church belonging to the Benedictine abbey, founded in the 13th century, is fine Gothic. : +33 (0)3 44 38 47 00; fax +33 (0)3 44 38 47 01 The present itinerary however takes you on an exclusively imperial journey. Open every day from 2pm to 5pm The museum was founded as a result of the bequest of the collection of Alfred Ternisien and it provides a panoramic view of the military history of France, from Antiquity to the Second World War. Waterloo Battlefield is one of the best preserved battlefields in the world. Famous places in France. Adolphe de la Rue, Les chasses du Second Empire, Collection Les Grands Maîtres de la Chasse et de la vénerie V, Paris : Pygmalion, 1984. Rue Saint-Pierre Paul Ganière, “Marie-Louise et Napoléon à Compiègne“, Revue du Souvenir napoléonien, n°300, p. 7-16 In a conscious attempt to re-associate Compiègne with its royal past, it was there in 1810 that Marie-Louise was received by her husband to be, just as Marie-Antoinette had been 40 years earlier. As this one is from Belgium, this … It is located in Compiègne in the Oise department and is open to the public. Napoléon accueille à Compiègne l'archiduchesse Marie-Louise d'Autriche, future impératrice, le 27 mars 1810 pour leur première rencontre. Louis XIV resided in Compiègne some 75 times. : +33 (0)3 44 40 01 00 – Fax: +33 (0)3 44 40 23 28 Tout se met en place dehors pour l’accueil, les laquais torche à la main, un orchestre prêt à jouer, même. Since 1914, the site is protected and has therefore changed little since the fighting of 1815. Napoleon restored the château after it was left gutted during the French Revolution, and he ordered it to be made habitable again in 1807. The Château de Compiègne is a French chateau, a royal residence built for Louis XV and restored by Napoleon. Trois siècles d’art des jardins au château de Compiègne, catalogue of the exhibition organised by ” L’atelier au château “, DRAC Info Picardie, n°26, sept-oct. 1986 Compiègne was one of three seats of royal government, the others being Versailles and Fontainebleau. Each crossroads has an evocative name mounted on an elegant post, on which there is also a red pointer indicating the direction of Compiègne. ” Vers une restitution des états historiques : la politique exemplaire de Compiègne “, L’Estampille -L’objet d’art, 294, septembre 1995, p. 4-5 In 1795, all the château’s furniture ensembles were sold and the works of art were sent to the Muséum Central. Napoleon I and Marie-Louise, Napoleon III and Eugénie, two imperial couples, one imperial palace. To follow this itinerary in its entirety, you should set aside a long weekend. He had its layout altered, a ballroom added, and the garden replanted. All the appartments from Louis 16th and Napoléon's time have been recently beatifully "refurbished", using exactly the original techniques.However costly this job was, it has been beautifully made! This museum, installed in what used to be the Marshals apartments, was created in 1953 and comprises collections of painting, sculpture, furniture and objets d’art. Indeed the museum is particularly touching with its exhibits connected with the heir to the throne’s education, the sovereigns’ charity work, their visit to the provinces or abroad, their life in exile and the Prince Impérial’s fatal journey to South Africa. This giant axis, somewhat Schoenbrunn-esque in its appearance, linked and unified the garden, park and forest. National Museum of the Château de Compiègne : "Pouf à cordes", n ° 88 of the guide of the Museum of Compiègne, by M.Terrier Price : 4800 € Artist : A.m.e. Fournier Period: 19th century Style: Napoleon 3rd Condition : Bon état Material : Bois noirçi Diameter : 55 cm Height : 48 cm Reference : 708642 Closed until 9:30 AM (Show more) The park is open from 8am to 5pm in winter and from 7-30am to 8pm in summer. From 1 November to 28 February, the major apartments will be open from 10am to 3-45pm. – History, décor and furniture This medieval hospital, founded by Philippe Auguste and rebuilt by Saint-Louis, contains a chapter house with carved wooden decoration and painting, and a chapel with a splendid Baroque sculpted wooden reredos. Jean-Marie Moulin, ” L’appartement du roi de Rome et l’appartement de Prince: problèmes de restitution des états historiques “, La Revue du Louvre et des musées de France, Vol. November, December, January, February: 10am-12-30pm; 2pm-5pm; 10am-5-30pm on Sundays. Indeed Compiègne was to see its swan song during the Second Empire, when it became the official residence of imperial court during the autumn and the stage on which contemporary society was to appear in its entirety during the famous ‘Series’. For information, consult the Tourist Information Office and the Ecuries de la Chaussée (Mr Cassez +33 (0)1 64 36 65 42), Haras national (National stud farm) Napoleon I chose to receive his second wife at the Palais de Compiègne, just as Marie-Antoinette had been received here in 1770 by Louis XV and the Dauphin, the future Louis XVI. It is Neoclassical in style, with simplicity and clarity governing both its external and interior features. Brigitte Ducrot, Porcelaines et terres de Sèvres au musée national de Compiègne, RMN, 1993. In fact, it stands next to the forêt de Laigue and the forêt d’Ourscamps and was originally part of the ancient forêt de Cuise, which belonged to the kings of the Franks. Compiègne, Présentation du Prince Impérial 1856 Olympe Aguado de las Marismas French On March 16, 1856, Empress Eugénie gave birth to a male heir, Napoléon Eugène, known as the prince imperial, thus ensuring the continuation of the imperial bloodline. In 1795 all furniture was sold and its works of art were sent to the Muséum Central; it was essentially gutted. The Château de Compiègne is a French chateau, a royal residence built for Louis XV and restored by Napoleon.Compiègne was one of three seats of royal government, the others being Versailles and Fontainebleau.It is located in Compiègne in the Oise department and is open to the public. The Forêt domaniale de Compiègne (Compiègne Forest), of which the park is simply a prolongation, has always been excellently maintained because of the fascination it held for the hunting-obsessed royalty of France. Open every day from 10am to 6pm except Tuesdays Constructed in 1801, the building houses a remarkable collection of antiquities from the region, as well as an exceptional display of Greek vases. Talk/visits on specific themes from September to March at 3pm. Ce week-end, cela fera exactement 200 ans que le couple se rencontra, à Compiègne. The room distribution was altered, a ballroom was built, and the garden was replanted and linked directly to the forest. Château de Compiègne BP 10769 – 60207 Compiègne Cedex 2 Sous l’empire, « l’escalier de la Reine » donnait accès à l’appartement du Roi de Rome. : +33 (0)3 44 53 00 80, This national gallery, which stands very close to the cathedral, has a remarkable collection of tapestries of all styles dating from the 15th right up to the 20th century. Accédez à l'adresse, au numéro de téléphone et aux horaires d'ouvertures ainsi qu'au trajet jusqu'au magasin. – Napoleon I and Marie-Louise My Gift Performance bookings (numéro vert): 0800 03 13 46, Château de Pierrefonds Whether you are a private individual or a company, if you are a tax payer in France, you get tax benefits on donations to the Fondation Napoléon. N31 (Rouen – Rheims) 35 mn Roissy/Charles de Gaulle Airport, By plane: Roissy/Charles de Gaulle Airport nearby. Flanked by effigies of Charles VII and Joan of Arc, this statue of Louis stands above statues of Saint-Denis, Saint-Louis, Cardinal Pierre d’Ailly and Charlemagne. It possesses some remarkable architecture, notably the openwork clerestorey and the balustrade of the choir which once surrounded the bed of Louis XVI at the palace of Compiègne. On 18 May 1430, Joan of Arc came to pray in Saint-Jacques and she returned again on 23 May, the day of her arrest. This poster signed Marlière also has the SNCF logo. Il faut se dépêcher de préparer les appartements de madame ! : +33 (0)3 44 05 14 28. The original castle was built in the 15th century by Louis d’Orléans, only to be taken down in the 17th century. Route : Our itinerary begins in the heart of old Compiègne in front of the Hôtel de Ville. : +33 (0)3.44.38.47.02, La société des amis du Musée national de la voiture et du tourisme Retrouvez ici toutes les informations du magasin La Mie Câline 1 rue Napoléon à Compiegne (60200). – The Musée national de la voiture et du tourisme and the parc visited by carriage (2h) Route 3 is available every day except Tuesdays and public holidays (+33 (0)3 44 38 47 02) As a result the museum owns a good many fine quality works of art, notably engravings by Stefano della Bella and Jacques Callot, paintings by Jean Sauvé, Jacques Fouquières and Paul de Vos, not forgetting well-known works by Desportes and Oudry. Indeed one of these events is also commemorated by a statue in the square in front of the town hall. compiegne Greffe du Tribunal de Commerce de COMPIEGNE Si vous souhaitez rajouter un lien vers la Fiche Entreprise de NAPOLEON , choississez le format du lien qui vous intéresse et copiez/collez le code correspondant. : +33 (0)3 44 85 14 18. Indeed he suggested that the château be turned into an imperial museum. The failure of Napoleon III can be measured by the affection which surrounds his memory. The royal residence we know today, the Château de Compiègne, was built for Louis XV. Th. Accédez à l'adresse, au numéro de téléphone et aux horaires d'ouvertures ainsi qu'au trajet jusqu'au magasin. Tel. Today's visitors can find three distinct museums within the chateau: the apartments themselves; the Museum of the Second Empire; and the National Car Museum (Le Musée de la Voiture), founded in 1927, with a collection of carriages, bicycles, and automobiles. The latter interpretation is implicit in Jean Tulard, Napoléon, ou, le mythe du sauveur (Paris, 1977), pp. Ask a local: Hotel owner Alix de Lauzanne “Just outside Compiègne is the Confrécourt Quarry: old limestone quarries, which soldiers used as a refuge. Open every day except 1 January, 1 May, 11 November and 25 December. Accédez à l'adresse, au numéro de téléphone et aux horaires d'ouvertures ainsi qu'au trajet jusqu'au magasin. 3 – Guided visits with qualified tour guides: The ‘historical apartments’ are notably: the King’s, and subsequently Emperor’s, apartment; the Empress’s apartment; the Queen’s, and subsequently King of Rome’s, apartment; and the Dauphin and Madame Royale’s, and subsequently the Prince’s, double apartment. Later, during the Second World War, Adolf Hitler selected this same spot to sign the Armistice of June 22, 1940, after Germany conquered the French during the Battle of France. The museum is situated next to the Songeons park in which stand the arcades of the cloister of a Jacobin convent. Vous cherchez du Rouge à lèvres, du Fond de teint, des Palettes de maquillage ou encore un Soin visage ? La guerre que les armées napoléoniennes étaient obligées de mener dans la … There is also an interesting display of hunting accoutrements, notably hunting clothes, liveries, arms, hunting horns and bugles, giving the visitor a good idea of what exactly happened during a hunt. And amongst the carriages in this remarkable collection, there is notably the berline in which Bonaparte made his entry into Bologna in 1796, and the completely upholstered, Compagnie du Nord, imperial train carriage used by Napoleon III. Finally, a large park was made, linking the garden to the forest. The building is soon to be used as exhibition space for temporary exhibitions. Indeed, this museum is the perfect beginning to the voyage of discovery of the town of Compiègne and its history. : +33 (0)3.44.38.47.02, Imperial carriage rides The site has been a stud farm since 1876 and is today open to the public. Compiègne really is an unexpected jewel on the edge of the huge forest where the Court liked to hunt and spend its weekends. : You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. In the 19th century, Carle and Horace Vernet were outstanding illustrators of the art of hunting and the museum has some fine paintings by them, as well as watercolours by Eugène Lami and works by Dedreux, Rosa Bonheur, Princeteau, Lepaulle, Boldini, Blanche, Hallo and Trémois. What is more, Compiègne was the preferred summer residence for the monarchs of France – Louis XIV alone stayed there 75 times – and it soon became a traditional stopping point during coronation ceremonies on the return from Rheims. Magasin Texto 3 BIS rue Napoleon à Compiegne. March, April, September, October: 10am-12-30pm; 2pm-6pm. Nous étions en 1810. The building as it stands today represents the final state of a series of royal residences stretching right back to that of Clovis. Château de Blérancourt Morienval Compiègne was one of three seats of the French royal government. : +33 (0)3.44.38.47.00, L’Association européenne pour les théâtres de cour et théâtres privés During the French Revolution, the royal palace of Compiègne passed under the jurisdiction of the Minister for the Interior, whose task it was to liquidate all assets. Life in Compiègne during the First and Second Empires. Musée de la clairière de l’Armistice Oise, Editions du patrimoine, CNMHS, 1997. With the defeat at Sedan and the fall of the Second Empire, work stopped and a part of the decoration was never completed. © Fondation Napoléon 2021 ISSN 2272-1800. SCI ELDA 5 Avenue Napoleon, 60200 Compiègne. : +33 (0)3 23 39 60 16. It was no part of his great design that he should figure in history as the lovable little man at the centre of a court irresistible for its charm and frivolity. The place became a ‘domaine impérial’ in 1804, and in 1807 Napoleon, while in Finkenstein, ordered that the residence should be made inhabitable. The Musées nationaux du château de Compiègne have three associations which assist in the development and life of the château’s collections, namely: La société des amis du château de Compiègne Tel. A side chapel houses the relics from the Saint-Corneille abbey, most notably a piece of the Virgin’s veil. Vous cherchez un professionnel domicilié 2 Rue Napoleon à Compiègne ? Indeed he suggested that the château be turned into an imperial museum. Built in 1861, this building contains two fireplaces monogrammed with the Napoleonic ‘N’ and a tapestry bearing a hunting scene. 1, bd Victor Hugo 60200 Compiègne The architecture of this fine edifice – built at the end of the 15th century during the reign of Louis XII – marks the transition period between Late Gothic and the beginnings of the Renaissance. Tel. Marie-Blanche d’Arneville, Parcs et jardins sous le Premier Empire, Paris, Tallandier, 1981 : +33 (0)3 44 62 62 62, Housed in what used to be the Priory of Saint-Maurice, this museum tells the history of hunting and coursing from the 15th century to the present day. The museums and sites marked in hypertext (that is, which are underlined) take the reader to a detailed file. : +33 (0)3 44 40 17 10 Share - us578 paris salon napoleon a compiegne france history. On va où ? From April to end of October. Jean-Marie Moulin, Guide du musée national du château de Compiègne, RMN, 1992. Of all Napoleon’s homes the Palais de Compiègne was the only one that was completely decorated and furnished in the new artistic style predominantly forged by Percier and Fontaine that looked back to antiquity and equated From 1856 on, Napoleon III and Eugénie made it their autumn residence, and redecorated some rooms in the Second Empire style. 9 – 60321 CompiègneCedex Whilst some of the surviving décor dates back to Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette, the Empire style dominates. The Emperor’s and Empress’s apartments still today show his innovative decorative solutions. … du Château de Pierrefonds, a superb example of military architecture, restored by the architect Viollet-le-Duc to a glory which even at its zenith it had never known. Tel. The modern, Florence Gould pavilion presents a collection of paintings and sculptures by American and French artists of the 19th and 20th centuries. The ancient town ramparts dictated the château's triangular plan; the resultant building covers about 5 acres (20,000 m2). Château royal reconstruit entre 1755 et 1788 par Ange-Jacques Gabriel, Compiègne fut réaménagé à partir de 1807 sur ordre de Napoléon Ier afin de devenir une résidence impériale. Tel. Bernard Thaon, Pierrefonds ou l’impossible jardin, Paris : Nouvelles éditions latines, 1987. Group service: +33 (0)3 44 40 03 76 A 13th-century chapel stands nearby. Only the Napoleonic emblems were removed. During the Revolution, all the statues on the façade were destroyed. Compiègne is a key monument for all First and Second Empire enthusiasts. Louis XV was perhaps even more favorably impressed; the Comte de Chevergny described his infatuation: In 1750, prominent architect Ange-Jacques Gabriel proposed a thorough renovation of the chateau. In 1808, Napoleon ordered that it should be reorganised, starting with the building of a gentle slope up the apartments on the terrace to allow the passage of carriages. Fax: +33 (0)3 44 40 44 04 Le Dessert de Napoléon ou gâteau de Compiègne ou Compiégnois est un gâteau fait d’une brioche de pâte Compiègne dans laquelle on intercale des tranches d’ananas, le centre étant garni de dés d’ananas chauffés dans un sirop. Les aménagements du Palais de Compiègne sous le Premier Empire, La Cour à Compiègne sous le Second Empire. The theatre itself, linked to the palace by a covered gallery in the form of a bridge, was based on the Opéra de Versailles and has an excellent acoustic. The political, artistic and scientific elite of the Second Empire all passed through the doors of Compiègne, where they were treated to entertainments of various types. In fact the Saint-Corneille Abbey played an important role for the monarchs of the Middle Ages. As for the interior, on the walls of the town council chamber hang nine paintings by Fournier-Salovèze which record the great historical events of the town. Ver más ideas sobre chateau, francia, interior de palacio. 60200 Compiègne From 17 April to to October, every weekend and public holiday; every day in July and August. Near to the village of Rethondes, in a train carriage parked in a clearing about 6km from Compiègne, Maréchal Foch dictated to the defeated Germans the text of the Armistice of 11 November 1918. Malsy, Compiègne, le château, la forêt, Paris : Nouvelles Editions Latines. Cours du Château 60100 Creil Toutes les sociétés à cette adresse sont référencées sur l’annuaire Hoodspot ! Call the Tourist Information Office to book. For about a month and a half (usually from the end of October to the beginning of December), hundreds of guests (ferried to Compiègne on special trains from Gare du Nord) were received every week by the royal couple. Pierre de Lano, Les bals travestis et les tableaux vivants sous le Second Empire, 25 watercolour plates, sd. Saint-Jean-aux-Bois also boasts the oldest tree in the forest, an oak 900 years old. The rooms in each apartment have been carefully restored, paying great attention to historical accuracy. Napoleon III style Empress Eugénie's bed at the Chateau de Compiègne. Renouant avec le cérémonial d’Ancien Régime, c’est à Compiègne que Napoléon reçut sa nouvelle épouse Marie-Louise en 1810, tout comme Marie-Antoinette y avait été accueillie quarante ans plus tôt. Flat 35km circuit of cyclable tracks through the forest from Compiègne to Pierrefonds and passing via Saint-Jean-aux-Bois. All that remains of the Benedictine monastery today is the cloister and surrounding buildings dating from the 14th century and the remains of the 12th century south bell tower. The Empress is represented by the Archduke Charles of Austria. All new…. Indeed, until as late as 1847, military camps were pitched in the forest. Madame Adélaïde, the King’s daughter poured praise upon ‘charming Compiègne’ which she ‘simply adored’. In the belfry hangs the ‘Bancloque’, one of the oldest known bells anywhere, dated 1303. Collectif, Oise 1 / 150 000 (Carte départementale), Michelin, Cartes et plans. He visited again in 1803 and was able to see at firsthand the damage caused by the introduction of the Ecole des Arts et Métiers. Chateau Compiegne le Musee du Second Empire is housed in the old dignitaries apartments, and this museum of the Second Empire brings together works by some great sculptors of the second half of the 19th century such as Jean-Auguste Barre, Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse, Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux and Emmanuel Frémiet. Château Royal 60300 Senlis From 1856 on, Napoleon III and Eugénie made it their autumn residence and began their famous ‘Series’. Jean-Marie Moulin, “La Cour à Compiègne sous le Second Empire“, Revue du Souvenir napoléonien, n°300, p. 17-23 Robert Dulau, Le Château de Pierrefonds. Compiègne, 60 km north from the City of Lights, is an out of the beaten track city at the edge of a marvelous royal forest.It boasts a royal Palace, inhabited by Napoléon, and Pierrefonds, a spectacular medieval castle. Association pour le Théâtre de Compiègne Themes include: ‘In the foosteps of the Empress Eugènie: The forest around the étangs de Saint-Pierre’; ‘Night walks: a new sensation’; ‘His majesty the stag, a twilight watch’, etc. From Lille: motorway A1: exit 10 Arsy First of all for its setting: the Petit-Château dating from the 16th century and the Grand-Chateau built between 1875 and 1882 for the Duc d’Aumale and the splendid park designed by Le Nôtre. There are also Egyptian and regional antiquities, ivories, bronzes, and Flemish, French and Italian paintings. – The Musée national de la voiture et du tourisme, departure from the park by carriage and visit to the stud farm (2h) : +33 (0)3 44 85 62 87, Cyclable tracks – Bike hire 60 350 Pierrefonds This architectural ensemble, enlarged, modified and transformed, was to serve as a residence for the kings of France up until the middle of the 19th century. This typically 15th-century house was once the residence of the Bridge Masters, that is, the boatmen. Tel. Nor has this cultural and natural heritage been abandoned. Afficher le numéro. Tel. The headings at the top of the page are to facilitate the organisation of your stay and they provide: an interactive map, practical information, information on where to stay and eat, information on other sites of interest in the region and finally a short bibliography. Vous cherchez un professionnel domicilié 22 Avenue Napoleon à Compiègne ? The sculptures in the grounds were not added until during the period from 1822 to 1830, and the work was not completed until the Second Empire. May, June, July, August: 10am-6pm The building is however only open during exhibitions. GRATUIT : Recevez par e-mail toutes les nouvelles informations sur Napoleon. This is the French edition of the catalogue relating to the exhibition Girodet et les décors à Compiègne. – 25 March – Announcement of the marriage of six thousand former soldiers throughout France, brides being endowed by the Emperor. 1799 and 1800 saw the setting up of the ‘Prytanée militaire’ and Bonaparte’s first visit. Compiègne was one of three seats of royal government, the … In 1804 the château became an imperial domain and in 1807 he ordered it be made habitable again. Here stands the sober Classical façade of the Château de Compiègne. The principal tree species are oak, beech and hornbeam. – 27 March – Napoleon leaves Compiègne to join Marie-Louise; they meet in front of the church of Courcelles-sur-Vesle . The gardens, with their ensemble of flowers and shrubs from the world over, are superb. Visitors are presented with paintings, objets d’art, toys, clothing, illustrations of scene from Balzac or Flaubert, and most notably a large collection of china from Creil and Creil-Montereau. The Théâtre français de la Musique performs operas and concerts there every year. On display are stereoscopic views of the 14-18 war and some of the actual furniture used for the signing of the Armistice. Go back up the Rue Austerlitz to the Eglise Saint-Antoine, built in the 13th and 17th centuries. At the top of the ‘Bancloque’, three automata – a German, an Englishman and a Burgundian, dressed in 16th-century costume – strike the bell with their hammers, marking the hours for the town. The forest covers 15,000 hectares of land and contains almost 35 kilometres of cyclable tracks and 1,000 kilometres of pathways punctuated by 273 crossroads. 4 For an example of the former, Alan Forrest, ‘Napoleon as monarch: a political evolution’, in Alan Forrest and Peter H. Wilson, eds., The bee and the eagle: Napoleonic France and the end of the Holy Roman Empire, 1806 (London, 2009), p. 116. Most of the items are from the Restoration and the Second Empire periods. The town of Compiègne is preparing a large exhibition planned for October 2000 entitled ‘Napoleon III and archeology’. Generally speaking, the restoration of the July Monarchy had little effect upon the aspect of the palace, and the arrangement of the rooms and the furniture within them were to remain essentially those of the late Empire. $8.99 + $2.00 Shipping. Every time the imperial couple stayed at Compiègne they would come to visit the ruins and to see how the work was coming on. By continuing to visit this site, you agree to the use of cookies for statistical purposes. Tel. It is located in Compiègne in the Oise department and is open to the public. This extra park which lengthened the garden made it possible to design a new avenue which led from the terrace of the château (following the axis of the Allée Napoléon) to the top of a nearby hill, Beaux-Monts, four and a half kilometres away. Here, the works are arranged irrespective of the school or period; Poussin hangs next to Veronese, Champaigne, Nattier, de Troy, Lancret, Gérard and Delacroix. The first stop in this itinerary is the Museum of Historical Figurines. – The King of Rome and Compiègne This is housed in an annex to the right of the Hôtel de Ville, in what was once the Hotel de la Cloche et de la Bouteille where Alexandre Dumas stayed in 1836. Musée de Creil – Maison Gallé-Juillet In the 18th century, Louis XV built a palace in Compiègne that was later restored by Napoleon I and is now used as an art museum. The architects Berthault, Percier and Fontaine, the decorators Dubois and Redouté and the cabinet makers Jacob-Desmalter and Marcion formed the team charged with bringing the palace back to its former royal glory. At the end of the latter road stands the Hôtel Dieu Saint-Nicolas. It was literally recreated in the middle of the 19th century by the Gothic revival genius, Viollet-le-Duc, and in his ‘restoration’ he revealed the extent of his abilities. Compiègne sous Napoléon III «Des racines et des ailes» - Le château de Compiègne raconte plusieurs siècles de l'histoire de France, en particulier la période du Second Empire.